Traffic Policy

QoS

The generic name of Quality of Service or Traffic Control involves things like shaping traffic, scheduling or dropping packets, which are the kind of things you may want to play with when you have, for instance, a bandwidth bottleneck in a link and you want to somehow prioritize some type of traffic over another.

tc is a powerful tool for Traffic Control found at the Linux kernel. However, its configuration is often considered a cumbersome task. Fortunately, VyOS eases the job through its CLI, while using tc as backend.

How to make it work

In order to have VyOS Traffic Control working you need to follow 2 steps:

  1. Create a traffic policy.

  2. Apply the traffic policy to an interface ingress or egress.

But before learning to configure your policy, we will warn you about the different units you can use and also show you what classes are and how they work, as some policies may require you to configure them.

Units

When configuring your traffic policy, you will have to set data rate values, watch out the units you are managing, it is easy to get confused with the different prefixes and suffixes you can use. VyOS will always show you the different units you can use.

Prefixes

They can be decimal prefixes.

kbit  (10^3)    kilobit per second
mbit  (10^6)    megabit per second
gbit  (10^9)    gigabit per second
tbit  (10^12)   terabit per second

kbps  (8*10^3)  kilobyte per second
mbps  (8*10^6)  megabyte per second
gbps  (8*10^9)  gigabyte per second
tbps  (8*10^12) terabyte per second

Or binary prefixes.

kibit (2^10 = 1024)    kibibit per second
mibit (2^20 = 1024^2)  mebibit per second
gibit (2^30 = 1024^3)  gibibit per second
tbit  (2^40 = 1024^4)  tebibit per second

kibps (1024*8)         kibibyte (KiB) per second
mibps (1024^2*8)       mebibyte (MiB) per second
gibps (1024^3*8)       gibibyte (GiB) per second
tibps (1024^4*8)       tebibyte (TiB) per second

Suffixes

A bit is written as bit,

kbit (kilobits per second)
mbit (megabits per second)
gbit (gigabits per second)
tbit (terabits per second)

while a byte is written as a single b.

kbps (kilobytes per second)
mbps (megabytes per second)
gbps (gigabytes per second)

Classes

In the Creating a traffic policy section you will see that some of the policies use classes. Those policies let you distribute traffic into different classes according to different parameters you can choose. So, a class is just a specific type of traffic you select.

The ultimate goal of classifying traffic is to give each class a different treatment.

Matching traffic

In order to define which traffic goes into which class, you define filters (that is, the matching criteria). Packets go through these matching rules (as in the rules of a firewall) and, if a packet matches the filter, it is assigned to that class.

In VyOS, a class is identified by a number you can choose when configuring it.

Note

The meaning of the Class ID is not the same for every type of policy. Normally policies just need a meaningless number to identify a class (Class ID), but that does not apply to every policy. The number of a class in a Priority Queue it does not only identify it, it also defines its priority.

set qos policy <policy> <policy-name> class <class-ID> match <class-matching-rule-name>

In the command above, we set the type of policy we are going to work with and the name we choose for it; a class (so that we can differentiate some traffic) and an identifiable number for that class; then we configure a matching rule (or filter) and a name for it.

A class can have multiple match filters:

set qos policy shaper MY-SHAPER class 30 match HTTP
set qos policy shaper MY-SHAPER class 30 match HTTPs

A match filter can contain multiple criteria and will match traffic if all those criteria are true.

For example:

set qos policy shaper MY-SHAPER class 30 match HTTP ip protocol tcp
set qos policy shaper MY-SHAPER class 30 match HTTP ip source port 80

This will match TCP traffic with source port 80.

There are many parameters you will be able to use in order to match the traffic you want for a class:

  • Ethernet (protocol, destination address or source address)

  • Interface name

  • IPv4 (DSCP value, maximum packet length, protocol, source address, destination address, source port, destination port or TCP flags)

  • IPv6 (DSCP value, maximum payload length, protocol, source address, destination address, source port, destination port or TCP flags)

  • Firewall mark

  • VLAN ID

When configuring your filter, you can use the Tab key to see the many different parameters you can configure.

vyos@vyos# set qos policy shaper MY-SHAPER class 30 match MY-FIRST-FILTER
Possible completions:
   description  Description
 > ether        Ethernet header match
   interface    Interface to use
 > ip           Match IP protocol header
 > ipv6         Match IPV6 protocol header
   mark         Match on mark applied by firewall
   vif          Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) ID for this match

As shown in the example above, one of the possibilities to match packets is based on marks done by the firewall, that can give you a great deal of flexibility.

You can also write a description for a filter:

set qos policy shaper MY-SHAPER class 30 match MY-FIRST-FILTER description "My filter description"

Note

An IPv4 TCP filter will only match packets with an IPv4 header length of 20 bytes (which is the majority of IPv4 packets anyway).

Note

IPv6 TCP filters will only match IPv6 packets with no header extension, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_packet#Extension_headers

Default

Often you will also have to configure your default traffic in the same way you do with a class. Default can be considered a class as it behaves like that. It contains any traffic that did not match any of the defined classes, so it is like an open class, a class without matching filters.

Class treatment

Once a class has a filter configured, you will also have to define what you want to do with the traffic of that class, what specific Traffic-Control treatment you want to give it. You will have different possibilities depending on the Traffic Policy you are configuring.

vyos@vyos# set qos policy shaper MY-SHAPER class 30
Possible completions:
   bandwidth    Available bandwidth for this policy (default: auto)
   burst        Burst size for this class (default: 15k)
   ceiling      Bandwidth limit for this class
   codel-quantum
                Deficit in the fair queuing algorithm (default 1514)
   description  Description
   flows        Number of flows into which the incoming packets are classified(default 1024)
   interval     Interval used to measure the delay (default 100)
+> match        Class matching rule name
   priority     Priority for rule evaluation
   queue-limit  Maximum queue size
   queue-type   Queue type for default traffic (default: fq-codel)
   set-dscp     Change the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) field in the IP header
   target       Acceptable minimum standing/persistent queue delay (default: 5)

For instance, with set qos policy shaper MY-SHAPER class 30 set-dscp EF you would be modifying the DSCP field value of packets in that class to Expedite Forwarding.

DSCP values as per RFC 2474 and RFC 4595:

Binary value

Configured value

Drop rate

Description

101110

46

Expedited forwarding (EF)

000000

0

Best effort traffic, default

001010

10

Low

Assured Forwarding(AF) 11

001100

12

Medium

Assured Forwarding(AF) 12

001110

14

High

Assured Forwarding(AF) 13

010010

18

Low

Assured Forwarding(AF) 21

010100

20

Medium

Assured Forwarding(AF) 22

010110

22

High

Assured Forwarding(AF) 23

011010

26

Low

Assured Forwarding(AF) 31

011100

28

Medium

Assured Forwarding(AF) 32

011110

30

High

Assured Forwarding(AF) 33

100010

34

Low

Assured Forwarding(AF) 41

100100

36

Medium

Assured Forwarding(AF) 42

100110

38

High

Assured Forwarding(AF) 43

Embedding one policy into another one

Often we need to embed one policy into another one. It is possible to do so on classful policies, by attaching a new policy into a class. For instance, you might want to apply different policies to the different classes of a Round-Robin policy you have configured.

A common example is the case of some policies which, in order to be effective, they need to be applied to an interface that is directly connected where the bottleneck is. If your router is not directly connected to the bottleneck, but some hop before it, you can emulate the bottleneck by embedding your non-shaping policy into a classful shaping one so that it takes effect.

You can configure a policy into a class through the queue-type setting.

set qos policy shaper FQ-SHAPER bandwidth 4gbit
set qos policy shaper FQ-SHAPER default bandwidth 100%
set qos policy shaper FQ-SHAPER default queue-type fq-codel

As shown in the last command of the example above, the queue-type setting allows these combinations. You will be able to use it in many policies.

Note

Some policies already include other embedded policies inside. That is the case of Shaper: each of its classes use fair-queue unless you change it.

Creating a traffic policy

VyOS lets you control traffic in many different ways, here we will cover every possibility. You can configure as many policies as you want, but you will only be able to apply one policy per interface and direction (inbound or outbound).

Some policies can be combined, you will be able to embed a different policy that will be applied to a class of the main policy.

Hint

If you are looking for a policy for your outbound traffic but you don’t know which one you need and you don’t want to go through every possible policy shown here, our bet is that highly likely you are looking for a Shaper policy and you want to set its queues as FQ-CoDel.

Drop Tail

Queueing discipline: PFIFO (Packet First In First Out).
Applies to: Outbound traffic.

This the simplest queue possible you can apply to your traffic. Traffic must go through a finite queue before it is actually sent. You must define how many packets that queue can contain.

When a packet is to be sent, it will have to go through that queue, so the packet will be placed at the tail of it. When the packet completely goes through it, it will be dequeued emptying its place in the queue and being eventually handed to the NIC to be actually sent out.

Despite the Drop-Tail policy does not slow down packets, if many packets are to be sent, they could get dropped when trying to get enqueued at the tail. This can happen if the queue has still not been able to release enough packets from its head.

This is the policy that requieres the lowest resources for the same amount of traffic. But very likely you do not need it as you cannot get much from it. Sometimes it is used just to enable logging.

set qos policy drop-tail <policy-name> queue-limit <number-of-packets>

Use this command to configure a drop-tail policy (PFIFO). Choose a unique name for this policy and the size of the queue by setting the number of packets it can contain (maximum 4294967295).

Fair Queue

Queueing discipline: SFQ (Stochastic Fairness Queuing).
Applies to: Outbound traffic.

Fair Queue is a work-conserving scheduler which schedules the transmission of packets based on flows, that is, it balances traffic distributing it through different sub-queues in order to ensure fairness so that each flow is able to send data in turn, preventing any single one from drowning out the rest.

set qos policy fair-queue <policy-name>

Use this command to create a Fair-Queue policy and give it a name. It is based on the Stochastic Fairness Queueing and can be applied to outbound traffic.

In order to separate traffic, Fair Queue uses a classifier based on source address, destination address and source port. The algorithm enqueues packets to hash buckets based on those tree parameters. Each of these buckets should represent a unique flow. Because multiple flows may get hashed to the same bucket, the hashing algorithm is perturbed at configurable intervals so that the unfairness lasts only for a short while. Perturbation may however cause some inadvertent packet reordering to occur. An advisable value could be 10 seconds.

One of the uses of Fair Queue might be the mitigation of Denial of Service attacks.

set qos policy fair-queue <policy-name> hash-interval <seconds>

Use this command to define a Fair-Queue policy, based on the Stochastic Fairness Queueing, and set the number of seconds at which a new queue algorithm perturbation will occur (maximum 4294967295).

When dequeuing, each hash-bucket with data is queried in a round robin fashion. You can configure the length of the queue.

set qos policy fair-queue <policy-name> queue-limit <limit>

Use this command to define a Fair-Queue policy, based on the Stochastic Fairness Queueing, and set the number of maximum packets allowed to wait in the queue. Any other packet will be dropped.

Note

Fair Queue is a non-shaping (work-conserving) policy, so it will only be useful if your outgoing interface is really full. If it is not, VyOS will not own the queue and Fair Queue will have no effect. If there is bandwidth available on the physical link, you can embed Fair-Queue into a classful shaping policy to make sure it owns the queue.

FQ-CoDel

Queueing discipline Fair/Flow Queue CoDel.
Applies to: Outbound Traffic.

The FQ-CoDel policy distributes the traffic into 1024 FIFO queues and tries to provide good service between all of them. It also tries to keep the length of all the queues short.

FQ-CoDel fights bufferbloat and reduces latency without the need of complex configurations. It has become the new default Queueing Discipline for the interfaces of some GNU/Linux distributions.

It uses a stochastic model to classify incoming packets into different flows and is used to provide a fair share of the bandwidth to all the flows using the queue. Each flow is managed by the CoDel queuing discipline. Reordering within a flow is avoided since Codel internally uses a FIFO queue.

FQ-CoDel is based on a modified Deficit Round Robin (DRR) queue scheduler with the CoDel Active Queue Management (AQM) algorithm operating on each queue.

Note

FQ-Codel is a non-shaping (work-conserving) policy, so it will only be useful if your outgoing interface is really full. If it is not, VyOS will not own the queue and FQ-Codel will have no effect. If there is bandwidth available on the physical link, you can embed FQ-Codel into a classful shaping policy to make sure it owns the queue. If you are not sure if you need to embed your FQ-CoDel policy into a Shaper, do it.

FQ-CoDel is tuned to run ok with its default parameters at 10Gbit speeds. It might work ok too at other speeds without configuring anything, but here we will explain some cases when you might want to tune its parameters.

When running it at 1Gbit and lower, you may want to reduce the queue-limit to 1000 packets or less. In rates like 10Mbit, you may want to set it to 600 packets.

If you are using FQ-CoDel embedded into Shaper and you have large rates (100Mbit and above), you may consider increasing quantum to 8000 or higher so that the scheduler saves CPU.

On low rates (below 40Mbit) you may want to tune quantum down to something like 300 bytes.

At very low rates (below 3Mbit), besides tuning quantum (300 keeps being ok) you may also want to increase target to something like 15ms and increase interval to something around 150 ms.

set qos policy fq-codel <policy name> codel-quantum <bytes>

Use this command to configure an fq-codel policy, set its name and the maximum number of bytes (default: 1514) to be dequeued from a queue at once.

set qos policy fq-codel <policy name> flows <number-of-flows>

Use this command to configure an fq-codel policy, set its name and the number of sub-queues (default: 1024) into which packets are classified.

set qos policy fq-codel <policy name> interval <miliseconds>

Use this command to configure an fq-codel policy, set its name and the time period used by the control loop of CoDel to detect when a persistent queue is developing, ensuring that the measured minimum delay does not become too stale (default: 100ms).

set qos policy fq-codel <policy-name> queue-limit <number-of-packets>

Use this command to configure an fq-codel policy, set its name, and define a hard limit on the real queue size. When this limit is reached, new packets are dropped (default: 10240 packets).

set qos policy fq-codel <policy-name> target <miliseconds>

Use this command to configure an fq-codel policy, set its name, and define the acceptable minimum standing/persistent queue delay. This minimum delay is identified by tracking the local minimum queue delay that packets experience (default: 5ms).

Example

A simple example of an FQ-CoDel policy working inside a Shaper one.

set qos policy shaper FQ-CODEL-SHAPER bandwidth 2gbit
set qos policy shaper FQ-CODEL-SHAPER default bandwidth 100%
set qos policy shaper FQ-CODEL-SHAPER default queue-type fq-codel

Limiter

Queueing discipline: Ingress policer.
Applies to: Inbound traffic.

Limiter is one of those policies that uses classes (Ingress qdisc is actually a classless policy but filters do work in it).

The limiter performs basic ingress policing of traffic flows. Multiple classes of traffic can be defined and traffic limits can be applied to each class. Although the policer uses a token bucket mechanism internally, it does not have the capability to delay a packet as a shaping mechanism does. Traffic exceeding the defined bandwidth limits is directly dropped. A maximum allowed burst can be configured too.

You can configure classes (up to 4090) with different settings and a default policy which will be applied to any traffic not matching any of the configured classes.

Note

In the case you want to apply some kind of shaping to your inbound traffic, check the ingress-shaping section.

set qos policy limiter <policy-name> class <class ID> match <match-name> description <description>

Use this command to configure an Ingress Policer, defining its name, a class identifier (1-4090), a class matching rule name and its description.

Once the matching rules are set for a class, you can start configuring how you want matching traffic to behave.

set qos policy limiter <policy-name> class <class-ID> bandwidth <rate>

Use this command to configure an Ingress Policer, defining its name, a class identifier (1-4090) and the maximum allowed bandwidth for this class.

set qos policy limiter <policy-name> class <class-ID> burst <burst-size>

Use this command to configure an Ingress Policer, defining its name, a class identifier (1-4090) and the burst size in bytes for this class (default: 15).

set qos policy limiter <policy-name> default bandwidth <rate>

Use this command to configure an Ingress Policer, defining its name and the maximum allowed bandwidth for its default policy.

set qos policy limiter <policy-name> default burst <burst-size>

Use this command to configure an Ingress Policer, defining its name and the burst size in bytes (default: 15) for its default policy.

set qos policy limiter <policy-name> class <class ID> priority <value>

Use this command to configure an Ingress Policer, defining its name, a class identifier (1-4090), and the priority (0-20, default 20) in which the rule is evaluated (the lower the number, the higher the priority).

Network Emulator

Queueing discipline: netem (Network Emulator) + TBF (Token Bucket Filter).
Applies to: Outbound traffic.

VyOS Network Emulator policy emulates the conditions you can suffer in a real network. You will be able to configure things like rate, burst, delay, packet loss, packet corruption or packet reordering.

This could be helpful if you want to test how an application behaves under certain network conditions.

set qos policy network-emulator <policy-name> bandwidth <rate>

Use this command to configure the maximum rate at which traffic will be shaped in a Network Emulator policy. Define the name of the policy and the rate.

set qos policy network-emulator <policy-name> burst <burst-size>

Use this command to configure the burst size of the traffic in a Network Emulator policy. Define the name of the Network Emulator policy and its traffic burst size (it will be configured through the Token Bucket Filter qdisc). Default:15kb. It will only take effect if you have configured its bandwidth too.

set qos policy network-emulator <policy-name> delay <delay>

Use this command to configure a Network Emulator policy defining its name and the fixed amount of time you want to add to all packet going out of the interface. The latency will be added through the Token Bucket Filter qdisc. It will only take effect if you have configured its bandwidth too. You can use secs, ms and us. Default: 50ms.

set qos policy network-emulator <policy-name> corruption <percent>

Use this command to emulate noise in a Network Emulator policy. Set the policy name and the percentage of corrupted packets you want. A random error will be introduced in a random position for the chosen percent of packets.

set qos policy network-emulator <policy-name> loss <percent>

Use this command to emulate packet-loss conditions in a Network Emulator policy. Set the policy name and the percentage of loss packets your traffic will suffer.

set traffic-policy network-emulator <policy-name> reordering <percent>

Use this command to emulate packet-reordering conditions in a Network Emulator policy. Set the policy name and the percentage of reordered packets your traffic will suffer.

set traffic-policy network-emulator <policy-name> queue-limit <limit>

Use this command to define the length of the queue of your Network Emulator policy. Set the policy name and the maximum number of packets (1-4294967295) the queue may hold queued at a time.

Priority Queue

Queueing discipline: PRIO.
Applies to: Outbound traffic.

The Priority Queue is a classful scheduling policy. It does not delay packets (Priority Queue is not a shaping policy), it simply dequeues packets according to their priority.

Note

Priority Queue, as other non-shaping policies, is only useful if your outgoing interface is really full. If it is not, VyOS will not own the queue and Priority Queue will have no effect. If there is bandwidth available on the physical link, you can embed Priority Queue into a classful shaping policy to make sure it owns the queue. In that case packets can be prioritized based on DSCP.

Up to seven queues -defined as classes with different priorities- can be configured. Packets are placed into queues based on associated match criteria. Packets are transmitted from the queues in priority order. If classes with a higher priority are being filled with packets continuously, packets from lower priority classes will only be transmitted after traffic volume from higher priority classes decreases.

Note

In Priority Queue we do not define clases with a meaningless class ID number but with a class priority number (1-7). The lower the number, the higher the priority.

As with other policies, you can define different type of matching rules for your classes:

vyos@vyos# set qos policy priority-queue MY-PRIO class 3 match MY-MATCH-RULE
Possible completions:
   description  Description
 > ether        Ethernet header match
   interface    Interface to use
 > ip           Match IP protocol header
 > ipv6         Match IPV6 protocol header
   mark         Match on mark applied by firewall
   vif          Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) ID for this match

As with other policies, you can embed other policies into the classes (and default) of your Priority Queue policy through the queue-type setting:

vyos@vyos# set qos policy priority-queue MY-PRIO class 3 queue-type
Possible completions:
   drop-tail    First-In-First-Out (FIFO) (default)
   fq-codel     Fair Queue Codel
   fair-queue   Stochastic Fair Queue (SFQ)
   priority     Priority queueing
   random-detect
                Random Early Detection (RED)
set qos policy priority-queue <policy-name> class <class-ID> queue-limit <limit>

Use this command to configure a Priority Queue policy, set its name, set a class with a priority from 1 to 7 and define a hard limit on the real queue size. When this limit is reached, new packets are dropped.

Random-Detect

Queueing discipline: Generalized Random Early Drop.
Applies to: Outbound traffic.

A simple Random Early Detection (RED) policy would start randomly dropping packets from a queue before it reaches its queue limit thus avoiding congestion. That is good for TCP connections as the gradual dropping of packets acts as a signal for the sender to decrease its transmission rate.

In contrast to simple RED, VyOS’ Random-Detect uses a Generalized Random Early Detect policy that provides different virtual queues based on the IP Precedence value so that some virtual queues can drop more packets than others.

This is achieved by using the first three bits of the ToS (Type of Service) field to categorize data streams and, in accordance with the defined precedence parameters, a decision is made.

IP precedence as defined in RFC 791:

Precedence

Priority

7

Network Control

6

Internetwork Control

5

CRITIC/ECP

4

Flash Override

3

Flash

2

Immediate

1

Priority

0

Routine

Random-Detect could be useful for heavy traffic. One use of this algorithm might be to prevent a backbone overload. But only for TCP (because dropped packets could be retransmitted), not for UDP.

set qos policy random-detect <policy-name> bandwidth <bandwidth>

Use this command to configure a Random-Detect policy, set its name and set the available bandwidth for this policy. It is used for calculating the average queue size after some idle time. It should be set to the bandwidth of your interface. Random Detect is not a shaping policy, this command will not shape.

set qos policy random-detect <policy-name> precedence <IP-precedence-value> average-packet <bytes>

Use this command to configure a Random-Detect policy and set its name, then state the IP Precedence for the virtual queue you are configuring and what the size of its average-packet should be (in bytes, default: 1024).

Note

When configuring a Random-Detect policy: the higher the precedence number, the higher the priority.

set qos policy random-detect <policy-name> precedence <IP-precedence-value> mark-probability <value>

Use this command to configure a Random-Detect policy and set its name, then state the IP Precedence for the virtual queue you are configuring and what its mark (drop) probability will be. Set the probability by giving the N value of the fraction 1/N (default: 10).

set qos policy random-detect <policy-name> precedence <IP-precedence-value> maximum-threshold <packets>

Use this command to configure a Random-Detect policy and set its name, then state the IP Precedence for the virtual queue you are configuring and what its maximum threshold for random detection will be (from 0 to 4096 packets, default: 18). At this size, the marking (drop) probability is maximal.

set qos policy random-detect <policy-name> precedence <IP-precedence-value> minimum-threshold <packets>

Use this command to configure a Random-Detect policy and set its name, then state the IP Precedence for the virtual queue you are configuring and what its minimum threshold for random detection will be (from 0 to 4096 packets). If this value is exceeded, packets start being eligible for being dropped.

The default values for the minimum-threshold depend on IP precedence:

Precedence

default min-threshold

7

16

6

15

5

14

4

13

3

12

2

11

1

10

0

9

set qos policy random-detect <policy-name> precedence <IP-precedence-value> queue-limit <packets>

Use this command to configure a Random-Detect policy and set its name, then name the IP Precedence for the virtual queue you are configuring and what the maximum size of its queue will be (from 1 to 1-4294967295 packets). Packets are dropped when the current queue length reaches this value.

If the average queue size is lower than the min-threshold, an arriving packet will be placed in the queue.

In the case the average queue size is between min-threshold and max-threshold, then an arriving packet would be either dropped or placed in the queue, it will depend on the defined mark-probability.

If the current queue size is larger than queue-limit, then packets will be dropped. The average queue size depends on its former average size and its current one.

If max-threshold is set but min-threshold is not, then **min-threshold is scaled to 50% of max-threshold.

In principle, values must be min-threshold < max-threshold < queue-limit.

Rate Control

Queueing discipline: Tocken Bucket Filter.
Applies to: Outbound traffic.

Rate-Control is a classless policy that limits the packet flow to a set rate. It is a pure shaper, it does not schedule traffic. Traffic is filtered based on the expenditure of tokens. Tokens roughly correspond to bytes.

Short bursts can be allowed to exceed the limit. On creation, the Rate-Control traffic is stocked with tokens which correspond to the amount of traffic that can be burst in one go. Tokens arrive at a steady rate, until the bucket is full.

set qos policy rate-control <policy-name> bandwidth <rate>

Use this command to configure a Rate-Control policy, set its name and the rate limit you want to have.

set qos policy rate-control <policy-name> burst <burst-size>

Use this command to configure a Rate-Control policy, set its name and the size of the bucket in bytes which will be available for burst.

As a reference: for 10mbit/s on Intel, you might need at least 10kbyte buffer if you want to reach your configured rate.

A very small buffer will soon start dropping packets.

set qos policy rate-control <policy-name> latency

Use this command to configure a Rate-Control policy, set its name and the maximum amount of time a packet can be queued (default: 50 ms).

Rate-Control is a CPU-friendly policy. You might consider using it when you just simply want to slow traffic down.

Round Robin

Queueing discipline: Deficit Round Robin.
Applies to: Outbound traffic.

The round-robin policy is a classful scheduler that divides traffic in different classes you can configure (up to 4096). You can embed a new policy into each of those classes (default included).

Each class is assigned a deficit counter (the number of bytes that a flow is allowed to transmit when it is its turn) initialized to quantum. Quantum is a parameter you configure which acts like a credit of fix bytes the counter receives on each round. Then the Round-Robin policy starts moving its Round Robin pointer through the queues. If the deficit counter is greater than the packet’s size at the head of the queue, this packet will be sent and the value of the counter will be decremented by the packet size. Then, the size of the next packet will be compared to the counter value again, repeating the process. Once the queue is empty or the value of the counter is insufficient, the Round-Robin pointer will move to the next queue. If the queue is empty, the value of the deficit counter is reset to 0.

At every round, the deficit counter adds the quantum so that even large packets will have their opportunity to be dequeued.

set qos policy round-robin <policy name> class <class-ID> quantum <packets>

Use this command to configure a Round-Robin policy, set its name, set a class ID, and the quantum for that class. The deficit counter will add that value each round.

set qos policy round-robin <policy name> class <class ID> queue-limit <packets>

Use this command to configure a Round-Robin policy, set its name, set a class ID, and the queue size in packets.

As with other policies, Round-Robin can embed another policy into a class through the queue-type setting.

vyos@vyos# set qos policy round-robin DRR class 10 queue-type
Possible completions:
   drop-tail    First-In-First-Out (FIFO) (default)
   fq-codel     Fair Queue Codel
   fair-queue   Stochastic Fair Queue (SFQ)
   priority     Priority queueing based
   random-detect
                Random Early Detection (RED)

Shaper

Queueing discipline: Hierarchical Token Bucket.
Applies to: Outbound traffic.

The Shaper policy does not guarantee a low delay, but it does guarantee bandwidth to different traffic classes and also lets you decide how to allocate more traffic once the guarantees are met.

Each class can have a guaranteed part of the total bandwidth defined for the whole policy, so all those shares together should not be higher than the policy’s whole bandwidth.

If guaranteed traffic for a class is met and there is room for more traffic, the ceiling parameter can be used to set how much more bandwidth could be used. If guaranteed traffic is met and there are several classes willing to use their ceilings, the priority parameter will establish the order in which that additional traffic will be allocated. Priority can be any number from 0 to 7. The lower the number, the higher the priority.

set qos policy shaper <policy-name> bandwidth <rate>

Use this command to configure a Shaper policy, set its name and the maximum bandwidth for all combined traffic.

set qos policy shaper <policy-name> class <class-ID> bandwidth <rate>

Use this command to configure a Shaper policy, set its name, define a class and set the guaranteed traffic you want to allocate to that class.

set qos policy shaper <policy-name> class <class-ID> burst <bytes>

Use this command to configure a Shaper policy, set its name, define a class and set the size of the tocken bucket in bytes, which will be available to be sent at ceiling speed (default: 15Kb).

set qos policy shaper <policy-name> class <class-ID> ceiling <bandwidth>

Use this command to configure a Shaper policy, set its name, define a class and set the maximum speed possible for this class. The default ceiling value is the bandwidth value.

set qos policy shaper <policy-name> class <class-ID> priority <0-7>

Use this command to configure a Shaper policy, set its name, define a class and set the priority for usage of available bandwidth once guarantees have been met. The lower the priority number, the higher the priority. The default priority value is 0, the highest priority.

As with other policies, Shaper can embed other policies into its classes through the queue-type setting and then configure their parameters.

vyos@vyos# set qos policy shaper HTB class 10 queue-type
Possible completions:
   fq-codel     Fair Queue Codel (default)
   fair-queue   Stochastic Fair Queue (SFQ)
   drop-tail    First-In-First-Out (FIFO)
   priority     Priority queueing
   random-detect
                Random Early Detection (RED)
vyos@vyos# set qos policy shaper HTB class 10
Possible completions:
   bandwidth    Available bandwidth for this policy (default: auto)
   burst        Burst size for this class (default: 15k)
   ceiling      Bandwidth limit for this class
   codel-quantum
                Deficit in the fair queuing algorithm (default 1514)
   description  Description
   flows        Number of flows into which the incoming packets are classified (default 1024)
   interval     Interval used to measure the delay (default 100)
+> match        Class matching rule name
   priority     Priority for rule evaluation
   queue-limit  Maximum queue size (packets)
   queue-type   Queue type for default traffic (default: fq-codel)
   set-dscp     Change the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) field in the IP header
   target       Acceptable minimum standing/persistent queue delay (default: 5)

Note

If you configure a class for VoIP traffic, don’t give it any ceiling, otherwise new VoIP calls could start when the link is available and get suddenly dropped when other classes start using their assigned bandwidth share.

Example

A simple example of Shaper using priorities.

set qos policy shaper MY-HTB bandwidth '50mbit'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 10 bandwidth '20%'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 10 match DSCP ip dscp 'EF'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 10 queue-type 'fq-codel'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 20 bandwidth '10%'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 20 ceiling '50%'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 20 match PORT666 ip destination port '666'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 20 priority '3'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 20 queue-type 'fair-queue'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 30 bandwidth '10%'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 30 ceiling '50%'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 30 match ADDRESS30 ip source address '192.168.30.0/24'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 30 priority '5'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB class 30 queue-type 'fair-queue'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB default bandwidth '10%'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB default ceiling '100%'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB default priority '7'
set qos policy shaper MY-HTB default queue-type 'fair-queue'

Applying a traffic policy

Once a traffic-policy is created, you can apply it to an interface:

set qos interface eth0 egress WAN-OUT

You can only apply one policy per interface and direction, but you could reuse a policy on different interfaces and directions:

set qos interface eth0 ingress WAN-IN
set qos interface eth0 egress WAN-OUT
set qos interface eth1 ingress LAN-IN
set qos interface eth1 egress LAN-OUT
set qos interface eth2 ingress LAN-IN
set qos interface eth2 egress LAN-OUT
set qos interface eth3 ingress TWO-WAY-POLICY
set qos interface eth3 egress TWO-WAY-POLICY
set qos interface eth4 ingress TWO-WAY-POLICY
set qos interface eth4 egress TWO-WAY-POLICY

The case of ingress shaping

Applies to: Inbound traffic.

For the ingress traffic of an interface, there is only one policy you can directly apply, a Limiter policy. You cannot apply a shaping policy directly to the ingress traffic of any interface because shaping only works for outbound traffic.

This workaround lets you apply a shaping policy to the ingress traffic by first redirecting it to an in-between virtual interface (Intermediate Functional Block). There, in that virtual interface, you will be able to apply any of the policies that work for outbound traffic, for instance, a shaping one.

That is how it is possible to do the so-called “ingress shaping”.

set qos policy shaper MY-INGRESS-SHAPING bandwidth 1000kbit
set qos policy shaper MY-INGRESS-SHAPING default bandwidth 1000kbit
set qos policy shaper MY-INGRESS-SHAPING default queue-type fair-queue

set qos interface ifb0 egress MY-INGRESS-SHAPING
set interfaces ethernet eth0 redirect ifb0

set interfaces input ifb0

Warning

Do not configure IFB as the first step. First create everything else of your traffic-policy, and then you can configure IFB. Otherwise you might get the RTNETLINK answer: File exists error, which can be solved with sudo ip link delete ifb0.